📖4. Add services

The Tour of Heroes HeroesComponent is getting and displaying fake data.

Refactoring the HeroesComponent focuses on supporting the view and making it easier to unit-test with a mock service.

Why services

Components shouldn't fetch or save data directly, and they certainly shouldn't knowingly present fake data. They should focus on presenting data and delegate data access to a service.

This tutorial creates a HeroService that all application classes can use to get heroes. Instead of creating that service with the newkeyword, use the dependency injection that Angular supports to inject it into the HeroesComponent constructor.

Services are a great way to share information among classes that don't know each other. Create a HeroService next and inject it in the HeroesComponent, to provide hero data.

Create the HeroService

Run ng generate to create a service called hero.

ng generate service hero

The command generates a skeleton HeroService class in src/app/hero.service.ts as follows:

src/app/hero.service.ts (new service)

import { Injectable  } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})
export class HeroService {

  constructor() { }

}

@Injectable() services

Notice that the new service imports the Angular Injectable symbol and annotates the class with the @Injectable() decorator. This marks the class as one that participates in the dependency injection system. The HeroService class is going to provide an injectable service, and it can also have its own injected dependencies. It doesn't have any dependencies yet.

The @Injectable() decorator accepts a metadata object for the service, the same way the @Component() decorator did for your component classes.

Get hero data

The HeroService could get hero data from anywhere such as a web service, local storage, or a mock data source.

Removing data access from components means you can change your mind about the implementation anytime, without touching any components. They don't know how the service works.

The implementation in this tutorial continues to deliver mock heroes.

Import the Hero and HEROES.

src/app/hero.service.ts

import { Hero } from './hero';
import { HEROES } from './mock-heroes';

Add a getHeroes method to return the mock heroes.

src/app/hero.service.ts

getHeroes(): Hero[] {
  return HEROES;
}

Provide the HeroService

You must make the HeroService available to the dependency injection system before Angular can inject it into the HeroesComponent by registering a provider. A provider is something that can create or deliver a service. In this case, it instantiates the HeroService class to provide the service.

To make sure that the HeroService can provide this service, register it with the injector. The injector is the object that chooses and injects the provider where the application requires it.

By default, ng generate service registers a provider with the root injector for your service by including provider metadata, that's providedIn: 'root' in the @Injectable() decorator.

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})

When you provide the service at the root level, Angular creates a single, shared instance of HeroService and injects into any class that asks for it. Registering the provider in the @Injectable metadata also allows Angular to optimize an application by removing the service if it isn't used.

To learn more about providers, see the Providers section. To learn more about injectors, see the Dependency Injection guide.

The HeroService is now ready to plug into the HeroesComponent.

This is an interim code sample that allows you to provide and use the HeroService. At this point, the code differs from the HeroService in the final code review.

Update HeroesComponent

Open the HeroesComponent class file.

Delete the HEROES import, because you won't need that anymore. Import the HeroService instead.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts (import HeroService)

import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';

Replace the definition of the heroes property with a declaration.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

heroes: Hero[] = [];

Inject the HeroService

Add a private heroService property of type HeroService to the component.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

private heroService = inject(HeroService);

The parameter simultaneously defines a private heroService property and identifies it as a HeroService injection site.

When Angular creates a HeroesComponent, the Dependency Injection system sets the heroService property to the singleton instance of HeroService.

Add getHeroes()

Create a method to retrieve the heroes from the service.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

getHeroes(): void {
  this.heroes = this.heroService.getHeroes();
}

Call it in ngOnInit()

While you could call getHeroes() in the constructor, that's not the best practice.

Reserve the constructor for minimal initialization such as wiring constructor parameters to properties. The constructor shouldn't do anything. It certainly shouldn't call a function that makes HTTP requests to a remote server as a real data service would.

Instead, call getHeroes() inside the ngOnInit lifecycle hook and let Angular call ngOnInit() at an appropriate time after constructing a HeroesComponent instance.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

ngOnInit(): void {
  this.getHeroes();
}

Important! The class should implement the matching Interface:

export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {...}

See it run

After the browser refreshes, the application should run as before, showing a list of heroes and a hero detail view when you click a hero name.

Observable data

The HeroService.getHeroes() method has a synchronous signature, which implies that the HeroService can fetch heroes synchronously. The HeroesComponent consumes the getHeroes() result as if heroes could be fetched synchronously.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

this.heroes = this.heroService.getHeroes();

This approach won't work in a real application that uses asynchronous calls. It works now because your service synchronously returns mock heroes.

If getHeroes() can't return immediately with hero data, it shouldn't be synchronous, because that would block the browser as it waits to return data.

HeroService.getHeroes() must have an asynchronous signature of some kind.

In this tutorial, HeroService.getHeroes() returns an Observable so that it can use the Angular HttpClient.get method to fetch the heroes and have HttpClient.get() return an Observable.

Observable HeroService

Observable is one of the key classes in the RxJS library.

In the tutorial on HTTP, you can see how Angular's HttpClient methods return RxJS Observable objects. This tutorial simulates getting data from the server with the RxJS of() function.

Open the HeroService file and import the Observable and of symbols from RxJS.

src/app/hero.service.ts (Observable imports)

import { Observable, of } from 'rxjs';

Replace the getHeroes() method with the following:

src/app/hero.service.ts

getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
  const heroes = of(HEROES);
  return heroes;
}

of(HEROES) returns an Observable<Hero[]> that emits a single value, the array of mock heroes.

The HTTP tutorial shows you how to call HttpClient.get<Hero[]>(), which also returns an Observable<Hero[]> that emits a single value, an array of heroes from the body of the HTTP response.

Subscribe in HeroesComponent

The HeroService.getHeroes method used to return a Hero[]. Now it returns an Observable<Hero[]>.

You need to adjust your application to work with that change to HeroesComponent.

Find the getHeroes method and replace it with the following code. the new code is shown side-by-side with the current version for comparison.

heroes.component.ts (Observable)

getHeroes(): void {
  this.heroService.getHeroes()
      .subscribe(heroes => this.heroes = heroes);
}

heroes.component.ts (Original)

getHeroes(): void {
  this.heroes = this.heroService.getHeroes();
}

Observable.subscribe() is the critical difference.

The previous version assigns an array of heroes to the component's heroes property. The assignment occurs synchronously, as if the server could return heroes instantly or the browser could freeze the UI while it waited for the server's response.

That won't work when the HeroService is actually making requests of a remote server.

The new version waits for the Observable to emit the array of heroes, which could happen now or several minutes from now. The subscribe() method passes the emitted array to the callback, which sets the component's heroes property.

This asynchronous approach works when the HeroService requests heroes from the server.

Show messages

This section guides you through the following:

• Adding a MessagesComponent that displays application messages at the bottom of the screen

• Creating an injectable, application-wide MessageService for sending messages to be displayed

• Injecting MessageService into the HeroService

• Displaying a message when HeroService fetches heroes successfully

Create MessagesComponent

Use ng generate to create the MessagesComponent.

ng generate component messages

ng generate creates the component files in the src/app/messages directory and declares the MessagesComponent in AppModule.

Edit the AppComponent template to display the MessagesComponent.

src/app/app.component.html

<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<app-heroes />
<app-messages />

You should see the default paragraph from MessagesComponent at the bottom of the page.

Create the MessageService

Use ng generate to create the MessageService in src/app.

ng generate service message

Open MessageService and replace its contents with the following.

src/app/message.service.ts

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})
export class MessageService {
  messages: string[] = [];

  add(message: string) {
    this.messages.push(message);
  }

  clear() {
    this.messages = [];
  }
}

The service exposes its cache of messages and two methods:

• One to add() a message to the cache.

• Another to clear() the cache.

Inject it into the HeroService

In HeroService, import the MessageService.

src/app/hero.service.ts (import MessageService)

import { MessageService } from './message.service';

Declares a private messageService property. Angular injects the singleton MessageService into that property when it creates the HeroService.

src/app/hero.service.ts

private messageService = inject(MessageService);

This is an example of a typical service-in-service scenario in which you inject the MessageService into the HeroService which is injected into the HeroesComponent.

Send a message from HeroService

Edit the getHeroes() method to send a message when the heroes are fetched.

src/app/hero.service.ts

getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
  const heroes = of(HEROES);
  this.messageService.add('HeroService: fetched heroes');
  return heroes;
}

Display the message from HeroService

The MessagesComponent should display all messages, including the message sent by the HeroService when it fetches heroes.

Open MessagesComponent and import the MessageService.

src/app/messages/messages.component.ts (import MessageService)

import { MessageService } from '../message.service';

Declare a public messageService property. Angular injects the singleton MessageService into that property when it creates the MessagesComponent.

src/app/messages/messages.component.ts

public messageService = inject(MessageService);

The messageService property must be public because you're going to bind to it in the template.

Angular only binds to public component properties.

Bind to the MessageService

Replace the MessagesComponent template created by ng generate with the following.

src/app/messages/messages.component.html

@if (messageService.messages.length) {
  <div>
    <h2>Messages</h2>
    <button type="button" class="clear" (click)="messageService.clear()">
      Clear messages
    </button>
    @for (message of messageService.messages; track message) {
      <div>{{ message }}</div>
    }
  </div>
}

This template binds directly to the component's messageService.

	DETAILS
@if	Only displays the messages area if there are messages to show.
@for	Presents the list of messages in repeated <div> elements.
Angular event binding	Binds the button's click event to MessageService.clear().

The messages look better after you add the private CSS styles to messages.component.css as listed in one of the "final code review" tabs below.

Add MessageService to HeroesComponent

The following example shows how to display a history of each time the user clicks on a hero. This helps when you get to the next section on Routing.

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';
import { MessageService } from '../message.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-heroes',
  templateUrl: './heroes.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./heroes.component.css'],
  standalone: true
})
export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {
  selectedHero?: Hero;
  heroes: Hero[] = [];
  
  private heroService = inject(HeroService);
  private messageService = inject(MessageService);

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.getHeroes();
  }

  onSelect(hero: Hero): void {
    this.selectedHero = hero;
    this.messageService.add(`HeroesComponent: Selected hero id=${hero.id}`);
  }

  getHeroes(): void {
    this.heroService.getHeroes()
        .subscribe(heroes => this.heroes = heroes);
  }
}

Refresh the browser to see the list of heroes, and scroll to the bottom to see the messages from the HeroService. Each time you click a hero, a new message appears to record the selection. Use the Clear messages button to clear the message history.

Final code review

Here are the code files discussed on this page.

src/app/hero.service.ts

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Observable, of } from 'rxjs';

import { Hero } from './hero';
import { HEROES } from './mock-heroes';
import { MessageService } from './message.service';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})
export class HeroService {

  private messageService = inject(MessageService);

  getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
    const heroes = of(HEROES);
    this.messageService.add('HeroService: fetched heroes');
    return heroes;
  }
}

src/app/message.service.ts

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})
export class MessageService {
  messages: string[] = [];

  add(message: string) {
    this.messages.push(message);
  }

  clear() {
    this.messages = [];
  }
}

src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';
import { MessageService } from '../message.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-heroes',
  templateUrl: './heroes.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./heroes.component.css'],
  standalone: true
})
export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {
  selectedHero?: Hero;
  heroes: Hero[] = [];
  
  private heroService = inject(HeroService);
  private messageService = inject(MessageService);

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.getHeroes();
  }

  onSelect(hero: Hero): void {
    this.selectedHero = hero;
    this.messageService.add(`HeroesComponent: Selected hero id=${hero.id}`);
  }

  getHeroes(): void {
    this.heroService.getHeroes()
        .subscribe(heroes => this.heroes = heroes);
  }
}

src/app/messages/messages.component.ts

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { MessageService } from '../message.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-messages',
  templateUrl: './messages.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./messages.component.css'],
  standalone: true
})
export class MessagesComponent {

  public messageService = inject(MessageService);

}

src/app/messages/messages.component.html

@if (messageService.messages.length) {
  <div>
    <h2>Messages</h2>
    <button type="button" class="clear" (click)="messageService.clear()">
      Clear messages
    </button>
    @for (message of messageService.messages; track message) {
      <div>{{ message }}</div>
    }
  </div>
}

src/app/messages/messages.component.css

/* MessagesComponent's private CSS styles */
h2 {
  color: #A80000;
  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
  font-weight: lighter;
}

.clear {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #eee;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  padding: 1rem;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 1rem;
}
.clear:hover {
  color: white;
  background-color: #42545C;
}

src/app/app.component.html

<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<app-heroes />
<app-messages />

Summary

• You refactored data access to the HeroService class.

• You registered the HeroService as the provider of its service at the root level so that it can be injected anywhere in the application.

• You used Angular Dependency Injection to inject it into a component.

• You gave the HeroService get data method an asynchronous signature.

• You discovered Observable and the RxJS Observable library.

• You used RxJS of() to return Observable<Hero[]>, an observable of mock heroes.

• The component's ngOnInit lifecycle hook calls the HeroService method, not the constructor.

• You created a MessageService for loosely coupled communication between classes.

• The HeroService injected into a component is created with another injected service, MessageService.

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💡Hinweise zu Kapitel 4